United States passport

The front cover of a contemporary United States biometric passport EPassport logo.svg (2007)
Front of a passport card (2009)

United States passports are passports issued to citizens and non-citizen nationals of the United States of America.[1] They are issued exclusively by the U.S. Department of State.[2]. Besides issuing passports (in booklet form), also limited use passport cards are issued by the same organization subject to the same requirements.[3]The US passport also contains fibers of different colors and a strip in all the pages visible under a black light. The colors red white and blue are revealed on the strip. The passport card reveals a blue seal and read eagle when seen under a black light. These are part of the security features to avoid falsification.

U.S. passport booklets are valid for travel by Americans anywhere in the world, although travel to certain countries and/or for certain purposes may require a visa. They conform with recommended standards (i.e., size, composition, layout, technology) of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).[4] There are five types of passport booklets; as well, the Department of State has issued only e-passports as standard since August 2007, though non-biometric passports are valid until their expiry dates.[5]

The Department of State has also issued passport cards since July 2008, which are valid for travel by Americans via land and sea between the United States and any of Canada, Mexico, most Caribbean territories, and Bermuda.[6][7] While the passport cards conform with ICAO recommended standards for credit-card-size travel documents,[8] they cannot be used for international air travel to another country.[9]

Contents

History

American consular officials issued passports to some citizens of some of the thirteen states during the War for Independence (1775–1783). Passports were sheets of paper printed on one side, included a description of the bearer, and were valid for three to six months. The minister to France, Benjamin Franklin, based the design of passports issued by his mission on that of the French passport.[10]

The Department of Foreign Affairs of the war period also issued passports, and the department, carried over by the Articles of Confederation government (1783–1789), continued to issue passports. In July, 1789, the Department of Foreign Affairs was carried over by the government established under the Constitution. In September of that year, the name of the department was changed to Department of State. The department handled foreign relations and issued passports, and, until the mid-nineteenth century, had various domestic duties.

For decades thereafter, passports were issued not only by the Department of State but also by states and cities, and by notaries public. Passports issued by American authorities other than the Department of State breached propriety and caused confusion abroad. Some European countries refused to recognize passports not issued by the Department of State, unless United States consular officials endorsed them. The problems led the Congress in 1856 to give to the Department of State sole authority to issue passports.[11][12]

From 1776 to 1783, no state government had a passport requirement. The Articles of Confederation government (1783–1789) did not have a passport requirement.

From 1789 through late 1941, the government established under the Constitution required passports of citizens only during the Civil War (1861–1865) and during and shortly after World War I (1914–1918). The passport requirement of the Civil War era lacked statutory authority. After the outbreak of World War I, passports were required,[13] though there was no statutory authority for the requirement. A law of May 22, 1918 permitted the president, when the United States was at war, to proclaim a passport requirement, and a proclamation was issued on August 18, 1918. Though World War I ended on November 11, 1918, the passport requirement lingered until March 3, 1921.[14]

The contemporary period of required passports for Americans under United States law began on November 29, 1941.[15]

In Europe, general peace between the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) and the beginning of World War I (1914), and development of railroads, gave rise to international travel by large numbers of people. Passports were not usually required; there were limited wars which caused some exceptions. Repressive countries such as Czarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire maintained passport requirements. During World War I (1914–1918), European countries had passport requirements. After that war, many European countries retained their passport requirements. Foreign passport requirements undercut the absence of a passport requirement for Americans, under United States law, between 1921 and 1941. World War II (1939–1945) led to worldwide passport requirements, which were not abolished when that war ended.

Even when passports were not usually required, U.S. passports were requested by Americans. Records of the Department of State show that 130,360 passports were issued between 1810 and 1873, and that 369,844 passports were issued between 1877 and 1909. Some of those passports were family passports or group passports. A passport application could cover, variously, a wife, a child or children, one or more servants, or a female traveling under the protection of a man. The passport would be issued to the man. Similarly, a passport application could cover a child traveling with its mother. The passport would be issued to the mother. The number of Americans who traveled without passports is unknown.[16]

The League of Nations held a conference in 1920 concerning passports and through-train travel, and conferences in 1926 and 1927 concerning passports. The 1920 conference put forward guidelines on the layout and features of passports, which the 1926 and 1927 conferences followed up. Those guidelines were steps in the shaping of contemporary passports. One of the guidelines was about 32-page passport booklets, such as the U.S. type III mentioned in this section, below. Another guideline was about languages in passports. See Languages, below.

A conference on travel and tourism held by the United Nations in 1963 did not result in standardised passports. Passport standardization was accomplished in 1980 under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

The design and contents of U.S. passports changed over the years.[17] For example, in 1926, the Department of State introduced the type III passport. This had a stiff red cover, with a window cutout through which the passport number was visible. That style of passport contained 32 pages.[18]

American passports had green covers from 1941 until 1976, when the cover was changed to blue, as part of the U.S. bicentennial celebration. Green covers were again issued from April, 1993, until March, 1994, and included a special one-page tribute to Benjamin Franklin in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the United States Consular Service.

In 1981, the United States became the first country to introduce machine-readable passports.[19] In 2000, the Department of State started to issue passports with digital photos, and as of 2010, all previous series have expired.

In fiscal year 2007, the Department of State issued 18,382,798 passports.[20]

In 2006, the Department of State began to issue biometric passports to diplomats and other officials.[21] Later in 2006, biometric passports were issued to the public.[22] Since August 2007, the department has issued only biometric passports. An issued non-biometric will remain valid until its stated date of expiration, with the final non-biometric passports expiring on August 1, 2017.[23]

Bureaucracy

Within the Department of State, responsibility for passport issuance lies with Passport Services, a unit of the Bureau of Consular Affairs.

Passport Services has sixteen regional passport agencies in the United States,[24] at which passport applications may be filed by citizens who intend to travel within two weeks of the application date, or who need to obtain visas before traveling.

There are about 9,000 passport acceptance facilities in the United States, designated by Passport Services, at which routine passport applications may be filed. These facilities include United States courts, state courts, post offices, public libraries, county offices and city offices.[25]

An application for a United States passport made abroad is forwarded by a U.S. embassy or consulate to Passport Services for processing in the United States. The resulting passport is sent to the embassy or consulate for issuance to the applicant. An emergency passport is issuable by the embassy or consulate.

U.S. Passport Expediting Companies

U.S. passport expediting companies are companies registered through the U.S. Department of State’s National Hand Courier Program to submit passport applications to the Regional Passport Agencies on the behalf of others. For individuals that are traveling in sooner than fourteen days and are unable to submit their application in person at one of the Regional Passport Agencies, passport expediting companies may provide assistance.

As a condition to be registered through the National Hand Courier Program, U.S. passport expediters are held to a strict code of conduct, which includes background screenings of all employees who handle passport applications. Additionally, companies must follow procedures to safeguard applicants' personal information. Passport expediters registered with the National Association of Passport and Visa Services (NAPVS) make further commitments to safeguard applicants' personal information and commit to maintain open and honest communication with clients.

Citizens and non-citizen nationals

United States passports are issuable only to persons who owe permanent allegiance to the United States – i.e., citizens and non-citizen nationals of the United States.[26]

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States ..."[27] Under this provision, "United States" means the 50 states and the District of Columbia only.[28]

By acts of Congress, every person born in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands is a United States citizen by birth.[29] Also, every person born in the former Panama Canal Zone whose father or mother (or both) are or were a citizen is a United States citizen by birth.[30]

Other acts of Congress provide for acquisition of citizenship by persons born abroad.[31]

Every citizen is a national of the United States. Not every national is a citizen. There is a small class of American Samoans, born in American Samoa, including Swains Island, who are nationals but not citizens of the United States,[32] See Passport message, below.

United States law permits dual nationality.[33] Consequently, having and using a foreign passport are permissible. When, however, a U.S. citizen uses a passport to leave or enter the United States, he is required to use a U.S. passport.[34] This requirement extends to a U.S. citizen who is a dual national.[35]

Types of passports

Cover of a biometric official passport
Cover of a diplomatic passport
Regular (blue cover)
Issuable to all citizens and non-citizen nationals. Periods of validity: for those age 16 or over, generally ten years from the date of issue; for those 15 and younger, generally five years from the date of issue.[36][37] A sub-type of regular passports is no-fee passports, issuable to citizens in specified categories for specified purposes. Examples: A U.S. government employee, for travel on official business; an American seaman, for travel connected with his duties aboard a U.S.-flag vessel. Period of validity: generally 5 years from the date of issue.[38] A no-fee passport has an endorsement which prohibits its use for a purpose other than the specified purpose.
Official (maroon cover)
Issuable to citizen-employees of the United States assigned overseas, either permanently or temporarily, and their eligible dependents, and to members of Congress who travel abroad on official business. Period of validity: generally five years from the date of issue.[39]
Diplomatic (black cover)
Issuable to American diplomats accredited overseas and their eligible dependents, and to citizens who reside in the United States and travel abroad for diplomatic work. Period of validity: generally five years from the date of issue.[40]
Travel Document (also known as "Refugee Travel Document" or "Refugee Passport") (blue-green cover)
Not a full passport, but issued to aliens who have been classified as refugees or asylees. [41] [42]
Reentry Permit (blue-green cover)
Not a full passport, but issued to a permanent resident alien in lieu of a passport. The reentry permit guarantees them permission to reenter the US and is usually valid for a period of 2 years.[43] [44]
Emergency
Issuable to citizens overseas, in urgent circumstances. Period of validity: generally one year from the date of issue.[45] An emergency passport may be exchanged for a full-term passport.[46]
U.S. passport card
Not a full passport, but a small ID card issued by the US government for crossing land and sea borders with Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean and Bermuda. The passport card is not valid for International air travel.[47] It is possible to hold the U.S. passport card in addition to a regular passport, making it useful when travelling internationally for a long time (Round-the-world-trip). In cases where people need to apply for a visa, and thus have to hand in their regular passport, the U.S. passport card can be a valid proof of ID and U.S. citizenship, allowing free movement unrestricted by local authorities.

Passport in lieu of certificate of non-citizenship nationality

The Department of State does not get many requests for certificates of non-citizenship nationality, which are issuable by the department. Production of a limited number of certificates would be costly, and, if produced, certificates would have to meet security standards. Accordingly, the Department of State chose not to issue certificates of non-citizen nationality. Instead, the department issues passports to non-citizen nationals. An issued passport certifies the status of a non-citizen national.[48] The certification is in the form of an endorsement in the passport: "The bearer of this passport is a United States national and not a United States citizen."

Second passport

More than one valid United States passport of the same type may not be held, except if authorized by the Department of State.[49]

It is routine for the Department of State to authorize a holder of a regular passport to hold, in addition, a diplomatic passport or an official passport or a no-fee passport.

One circumstance which may call for issuance of a second passport of a particular type is a prolonged visa-processing delay. Another is safety or security, such as travel between Israel and a country which refuses to grant entry to a person with a passport which indicates travel to Israel. The period of validity of a second passport issued under either circumstance is generally two years from the date of issue.[50]

A potential solution to needing a valid second ID aside from the US passport can be to hold a U.S. passport card. This passport card is used by US citizens living abroad for the times they need to renew their regular passport book, renew their residency permits or apply for visa - simply at all times they cannot show their regular passport but are forced by local law to have a valid ID on them at all times.

Format

On the front cover, a representation of the Great Seal of the United States is at the center. "PASSPORT" (in all capital letters) appears above the representation of the Great Seal, and "United States of America" (in italic) appears below.

An Official passport has "OFFICIAL" (in all capital letters) above "PASSPORT". The capital letters of "OFFICIAL" are somewhat smaller than the capital letters of "PASSPORT".

A Diplomatic passport has "DIPLOMATIC" (in all capital letters) above "PASSPORT". The capital letters of "DIPLOMATIC" are somewhat smaller than the capital letters of "PASSPORT".

A Travel Document features the seal of the Department of Homeland Security instead of the Great Seal of the United States. Above the seal the words "TRAVEL DOCUMENT" appears in all capital letters. Below the seal is the legend "Issued by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services" in upper and lower case.

A Return Permit features the seal of the Department of Justice instead of the Great Seal of the United States. Above the seal is printed "UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE" in all capital letters. Below the seal are the words "PERMIT TO REENTER THE UNITED STATES" in all capital letters.

A biometric passport has the e-passport symbol at the bottom.

There are 32 pages in a biometric passport. Frequent travelers may be issued 52-page passports. Extra visa pages may be added to a passport.[51]

Data page and signature page

Signature page and data page of a biometric passport (2007)

Each passport has a data page and a signature page.

A data page has a visual zone and a machine-readable zone. The visual zone has a digitized photograph of the passport holder, data about the passport, and data about the passport holder:

The machine-readable zone is present at the bottom of the page and starts with P>USA.

A signature page has a line for the signature of a passport holder. A passport is not valid until it is signed by the passport holder. If a holder is unable to sign his passport, it is to be signed by a person who has legal authority to sign on the holder's behalf.[52]

Place of birth

The standards for the names of places of birth that appear in passports are listed in volume 7 of the Foreign Affairs Manual, published by the Department of State.[53][54] For places within the US, it contains only the State, but for places outside the US city and country are mentioned. The name of the country is the current name of the country that is presently in control of the territory the place of birth and thus changes upon a change of a country name. Special provisions are in place for people born in Palestine/Israel. Place of birth was first added to U.S. passports in 1917. A request to list no place of birth in a passport is never accepted.[55] A citizen born outside the United States may be able to have his city or town of birth entered in his passport, if he or she objects to the standard country name. However, if a foreign country denies a visa or entry due to the place-of-birth designation, the Department of State will issue a replacement passport at normal fees, and will not facilitate entry into the foreign country.[56]

Passport photographs

Standards for passport photographs are listed among the FAQs of the Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs website.[57] The standards are:

Passport message

Passports of many countries contain a message, nominally from the official who is in charge of passport issuance (e.g., secretary of state, minister of foreign affairs), addressed to authorities of other countries. The message identifies the bearer as a citizen of the issuing country, requests that he or she be allowed to enter and pass through the other country, and requests further that, when necessary, he or she be given help consistent with international norms. In United States passports, the message is in English, French and Spanish. The message is:

In English:

The Secretary of State of the United States of America hereby requests all whom it may concern to permit the citizen/national of the United States named herein to pass without delay or hindrance and in case of need to give all lawful aid and protection.

in French:

Le Secrétaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis d'Amérique prie par les présentes toutes autorités compétentes de laisser passer le citoyen ou ressortissant des Etats-Unis titulaire du présent passeport, sans délai ni difficulté et, en cas de besoin, de lui accorder toute aide et protection légitimes.

and in Spanish:

El Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos de América por el presente solicita a las autoridades competentes permitir el paso del ciudadano o nacional de los Estados Unidos aquí nombrados, sin demora ni dificultades, y en caso de necesidad, prestarle toda la ayuda y protección lícitas.

The term "citizen/national" and its equivalent terms ("citoyen ou ressortissant"; "ciudadano o nacional") are in the message, as some people born in American Samoa, including Swains Island, are nationals but not citizens of the United States.

The masculine inflections of "Le Secrétaire d'Etat" and "El Secretario de Estado" are used in all passports, regardless of the Secretary of State's gender at the time of issuance.

Fees

A passport applicant who applies in person, whether for a passport booklet or for a passport card, pays an application fee and an execution fee. The amount of the application fee depends on whether a passport applicant is applying for a passport booklet or for a passport card, and depends also on whether a passport applicant is 16 years old or older, or is younger than 16. The same execution fee is charged to every passport applicant who applies in person. The current fee for a passport booklet is $135 and $55 for a passport card. [58]

A passport applicant who applies by mail, whether for a passport booklet or for a passport card, pays an application fee. There is no execution fee. An application by mail may be made only by a passport applicant who is 16 years old or older. The amount of the application fee depends on whether a passport applicant is applying for a passport booklet or for a passport card.

A passport applicant may request expedited service. The fee for that service, in relation to an application for a passport booklet, depends on whether the applicant is 16 years old or older, or is younger than 16. There is a different fee for expedited service in relation to an application for a passport card.[59]

Languages

At a League of Nations conference in 1920 about passports and through-train travel, a recommendation was that passports be written in French (historically, the language of diplomacy) and one other language.

English, the de-facto national language of the United States, has always been used in U.S. passports. At some point subsequent to 1920, English and French were used in passports. Spanish was added during the second Clinton administration, in recognition of Spanish-speaking Puerto Rico.

The field names on the data page, the passport message, the warning on the second page that the bearer is responsible for obtaining visas, and the designations of the amendments-and-endorsements pages, are printed in English, French and Spanish.

Biometric passport

The legal driving force of biometric passports is the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, which states that smart-card Identity cards may be used in lieu of visas. That law also provides that foreigners who travel to the U.S., and want to enter the U.S. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program, must bear machine-readable passports which comply with international standards. If a foreign passport was issued on or after October 26, 2006, that passport must be a biometric passport.

The chip of a U.S. passport stores an image of the photograph of the passport holder, passport data, and personal data of the passport holder; and has capacity to store additional data.[23] The capacity of the Radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip is 64 kilobytes, which is large enough to store biometric identifiers, such as fingerprints and retina scans, in addition to an image of a photograph, passport data and personal data.

Data in a passport chip are scannable by readers, a capability which is intended to speed up immigration processing. A passport does not have to be plugged into a reader in order for data therein to be read. Like toll-road chips, data in passport chips can be read when passport chips are proximate to readers. The passport cover contains a radio-frequency shield, so the cover must be opened for the data to be read.

According to the Department of State, the Basic Access Control (BAC) security protocol prevents access to those data unless the printed information within the passport is also known or can be guessed.[60]

According to privacy advocates, the BAC and the shielded cover are ineffective when a passport is open, and that a passport may have to be opened for inspection in a public place such as a hotel, a bank, or an Internet cafe. An open passport is subject to illicit reading of chip data, such as by a government agent who is tracking a passport holder's movements or by a criminal who is intending identity theft.[61]

Gallery of historic images

Cover of a non-biometric passport issued until July 31, 2007. They continue to be valid until their expiration, latest on August 1, 2017.

Cover of a passport (1976).

Cover of a passport (1930).

See also

References

  1. ↑ 22 U.S.C. sec. 212; Passports.
  2. ↑ 22 U.S.C. sec. 211a; Passports
  3. ↑ http://www.travel.state.gov/pdf/ppt_pptCard.pdf.
  4. ↑ International Civil Aviation Organization, Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 1: Machine Readable Passport, Volume 1, Passports with Machine Readable Data Stored in Optical Character Recognition Format, Part 1, Machine Readable Passport (6th ed. 2006), Volume 2: Specifications for Electronically Enabled Passports with Biometric Identification Capabilities (6th ed. 2006).
  5. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/passport/eppt/eppt_2498.html.
  6. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/passport/ppt_card/ppt_card_3926.html
  7. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_3256.html
  8. ↑ International Civil Aviation Organization, Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3, Machine Readable Official Travel Documents, Volume 1: MRTDs with Machine Readable Data Stored in Optical Character Recognition Format (3rd Ed. 2008), Volume 2: Specifications for Electronically Enabled MRTDs with Biometric Identification Capability (3rd ed. 2008).
  9. ↑ 72 Fed. Reg. 74,169, 74,172 (2007) ("Global Interoperability of the Passport Card").
  10. ↑ Lloyd, Martin, The Passport: The History of Man's Most Travelled Document (Stroud, U.K.: Sutton Publishing, 1976) (ISBN 0750929642), pp. 71-72.
  11. ↑ Lloyd, pp. 80-81.
  12. ↑ However, pursuant to the Dred Scott decision, the Secretary of State refused a passport to a black man in Massachusetts, John Rock, on grounds that he was not a United States citizen, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts issued him a passport describing him as a citizen of the Commonwealth, and he used it to travel to Europe. http://www.nwculaw.edu/cgi-bin/nwcu/jrock.html
  13. ↑ Exec. Ord. No. 2285 (Dec. 15, 1915); Exec. Ord. No. 2341 (Mar. 13, 1916).
  14. ↑ Act of May 22, 1918, 40 Stat. 559; Proc. No. 1473, 40 Stat. 1829; Act of March 3, 1921, 41 Stat. 1359.
  15. ↑ Act of June 21, 1941, ch. 210, 55 Stat. 252; Proc. No. 2523, 55 Stat. 1696; 6 Fed. Reg. 6069 (1941).
  16. ↑ Passport Applications
  17. ↑ United States Department of State, Passport Office, The United States Passport: Past, Present, Future (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State, Passport Office, 1976), passim.
  18. ↑ Lloyd, p. 130.
  19. ↑ Lloyd, p. 155.
  20. ↑ "Passport Statistics". U.S. Department of State. http://travel.state.gov/passport/services/stats/stats_890.html. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 
  21. ↑ U.S. Department of State (2006-02-17). "Department of State Begins Issuance of an Electronic Passport". Press release. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/61538.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 
  22. ↑ U.S. Department of State (2006-08-14). "Department of State Begins Issuing Electronic Passports to the Public". Press release. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/70433.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "The U.S. Electronic Passport". U.S. Department of State. http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_2498.html. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
  24. ↑ Regional Passport Agencies, http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_4312.html.
  25. ↑ Passport Acceptance Facility Search Page, http://iafdb.travel.state.gov
  26. ↑ 22 U.S.C. sec. 212: "No passport shall be granted or issued to or verified for any other persons than those owing allegiance, whether citizens or not, to the United States." In section 212, "allegiance" means "permanent allegiance." 26 Ops. U.S. Att'y Gen. 376, 377 (1907).
  27. ↑ U.S. Const. amend. XIV, sec. 1.
  28. ↑ Valmonte v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 136 F.3d 914, 918 (2nd Cir. 1998).
  29. ↑ 8 U.S.C. secs. 1402 (Puerto Rico), 1406 (Virgin Islands), and 1407 (Guam); 48 U.S.C. sec. 1801, US-NMI Covenant sec. 303 (Northern Mariana Islands).
  30. ↑ 8 U.S.C. sec. 1403.
  31. ↑ "Citizenship and Nationality". U.S. Department Of State. http://travel.state.gov/law/citizenship/citizenship_782.html. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 
  32. ↑ 8 U.S.C. sec. 1408.
  33. ↑ Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325 (1939).
  34. ↑ 8 U.S.C. sec. 1185(b).
  35. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1753.html.
  36. ↑ 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.3(a), 51.4(b)(1), 51.4(b)(2), 51.4(e).
  37. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/passport/fri/faq/faq_1741.html
  38. ↑ 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.4(b)(3), 51.52, 51.4(e).
  39. ↑ 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.3(b), 51.4(c), 51.4(e).
  40. ↑ 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.3(c), 51.4(d), 51.4(e).
  41. ↑ http://www.immigrationdirect.com/uscis-forms/Form-I-131-Application-Travel-Document.jsp?gclid=CKqkgNHE4Z8CFRkragodQUdCWw
  42. ↑ http://www.usborderpatrol.com/Border_Patrol1712_14.htm
  43. ↑ http://www.usborderpatrol.com/Border_Patrol1712_13.htm
  44. ↑ http://www.fels.org/data/insforms/insdocs.htm#REENTRY%20PERMIT,%20Form%201-327
  45. ↑ 7 FAM sec. 1311(i); 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.4(e).
  46. ↑ http://singapore.usembassy.gov/replace_an_emergency_passport.html.
  47. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/pdf/ppt_pptCard.pdf
  48. ↑ "Certificates of non-citizen nationality". U.S. Department Of State. http://travel.state.gov/law/citizenship/citizenship_781.html. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 
  49. ↑ 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.2(b).
  50. ↑ http://bern.usembassy.gov/second_passport.html; 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.4(e).
  51. ↑ "How to Add Extra Pages to Your U.S. Passport". U.S. Department of State. http://travel.state.gov/passport/fri/add/add_850.html. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 
  52. ↑ 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.4(a).
  53. ↑ 7 FAM 1300 Appendix D as of April 29, 2008, including 7 FAM 1310 Appendix D through 7 FAM 1390 Appendix D.
  54. ↑ 7 FAM 1380 as of October 15, 1987, including 7 FAM 1381 through 7 FAM 1383.
  55. ↑ 7 FAM 1310 Appendix D as of 2008.
  56. ↑ 7 FAM 1380 Appendix D as of 2008 and 7 FAM 1383.6 as of 1987.
  57. ↑ [1] as of September 18, 2008.
  58. ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/07/07/passport.fees.hike/index.html
  59. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/passport/get/fees/fees_837.html.
  60. ↑ "The U.S. Electronic Passport Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Department of State. http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_2788.html. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
  61. ↑ http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/09/renew_your_pass.html.

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